Essay Topics For Class - Choosing Essay Topics For Class

Essay Topics For Class - Choosing Essay Topics For ClassEssay topics for the class are one of the most important aspects of writing an essay. Students tend to spend a lot of time choosing topics, especially if the topic is very broad. They may even be reading through a dictionary trying to find an appropriate term for their topic. Luckily, the topic is the least important part of the essay.The three most common essay topics for class are English Lit, Popular Culture, and History. I think that in almost any college or university, students will gravitate towards these three topics. So, don't sweat about which topic you choose; just stick with your strengths. Your goal is to find ways to develop interest and involvement in these topics.English Lit is often the first topic that people choose for their essay. It can include novels, films, and literature. The theme is rich and varied, so you should be able to write something that is interesting and creative. It is also good to combine two or more subjects to make one topic. For example, you could write about three other subjects, but then put the subject of literature in the middle.Popular Culture is always an interesting topic. It can include movies, television, music, and advertisements. This is an extremely popular subject because it is simple and easy to write about. Try to draw a connection between current events and popular culture. For example, 'Star Wars' was a hugely popular movie during the 90's, and so by developing interest in current events and pop culture, you can also create a wonderful essay topic.History is another popular topic. There are many advantages to writing about history. It's fun and is often taught at the beginning of most high school curriculum. It's also interesting because it's a topic that keeps on comingup and affects our daily lives. If you have knowledge of the past, it's easy to incorporate into your topic.Now that you know what types of topics are out there, you need to look at th em and determine what type of topic you want to write about. Use your strengths to determine the type of topic you should write about. If you like writing about literature, then you should write about literature and nothing else.Once you have decided on a topic, you need to write. If you have a strong opinion, you can express it by taking advantage of the creative freedom afforded by the essay. If you're not sure about how to do this, don't worry. When writing an essay, don't let yourself become intimidated by the idea of writing. Use this as an opportunity to explore and develop your writing skills.In the end, if you can draw the reader in and make them interested in what you have to say, it will be an interesting and informative essay. Using essay topics for class helps you become more interesting in your own writing, which will translate to improved composition.

Writing Good Essay Topics

Writing Good Essay TopicsThe best essay topics are about a particular topic. If you have an interesting topic, you will be able to make a great essay. There are many ways to write on a topic; the problem is that people want to be different than everyone else.Sociologists have a very diverse field of research. They study trends, social systems, and relationships. Most college students do not know the field well enough to use their talents and knowledge to make the best essay topics.Good research techniques help to make the best topics. People should find an area of interest. A lot of students who have no interest in sports will not be able to make a good topic for their paper.If you don't know what it is you want to write about, ask someone who does. They will help you come up with a different topic that will stand out. It is possible to make a topic even if you don't know it all. In addition, if you look into it, there are plenty of areas of interest that will lead to interesting top ics.A sociology major would never know anything about sports. However, he will know something about statistics. Statistics are part of his field of study.With a good social science background, a person will be a great sports person, just as with other subjects. This gives the student a lot of freedom to choose topics.Sociologists also study race relations. They study the background of sports people. If a person has an interest in this, there is a possibility that he or she will have an interest in racism, discrimination, and prejudice. These people may take a different view than what most others do.It is possible to find a variety of different points of view. It is a fact that people have different views. However, they still agree on some of the most important points. This means that it is not hard to find a topic that everyone can agree on.

The Characteristics of Persuasive Essay Topics on Mental Illness

The Characteristics of Persuasive Essay Topics on Mental Illness Persuasive Essay Topics on Mental Illness Fundamentals Explained Argumentative essay is about arguing and debating on a subject, which is debatable. It is extremely important to choose a great topic as a way to compose a terrific paper. To do so, you want to get a guide to compose the very best essay on the selected topic. The point is you want to convince the reader your argument is the perfect one, which means you'll absolutely want to select a topic that you're passionate about and something which you will get excited about researching and writing. The question might be part of your introduction, or it may make a wonderful title. Begin with retracing every one of your steps because you have to remind readers your topic and arguments. It's wise to use clear topic sentences if you would like to state the principal points of every paragraph. There's, clearly, a limit on the range of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. Whenever you get your syllabus would have become the perfect time to begin researching your paper, in case you just started you still have lots of time to finish before the deadline. Even in the event the deadline is very tight, feel free to get hold of our managers. The use of a n argumentative illustration of animals is utilised to inspire. Mental health conditions are extremely risky health hazards that need to be addressed with the visual appeal of the slightest symptoms. Discrimination is often witnessed within the key care facilities, and shortage of adequate knowledge by practitioners affects patient's treatment practice. Mental wellness is often superficially covered if at all, yet it's equally as crucial to a person's health. Using Persuasive Essay Topics on Mental Illness You're a persuasive letter can we convince other people to charity. Ronald Kessler is likewise an epidemiologist. The Meaning of Persuasive Essay Topics on Mental Illness You are going to want to produce your own, based specifically on what you're writing about in your essay. A persuasive topic can be dependent upon the audience you're directing the essay to. If you're in a college and need to compose an argumentative essay, you should pick a subject of high importance. The search for an excellent topic for your psychology essay can be quite frustrating should you not understand where to get started. There are just a few things that define whether an essay you're working on is going to be a good one. As you start trying to find psychology essay topic ideas, the very first thing that you should think about is the guidelines for your essay given by your instructor. The absolute most important point to keep in mind is that while the title is the very first impression your essay gives, it's not the most crucial characteristic of your essay. You must read a good deal when doing research for your academic essay, and it is going to take a lot of time and energy. Usually, it doesn't include references and quotes in it. An essay's title ought to be thematically connected to the content of the essay. Your essay's title ought to be a huge idea. The art of persuasive writing isn't that easy at first. Mentally ill patients wind up in prison and stay longer because the majority of them cannot comply with the strict rules on account of the nature of their condition in comparison to other prisoners. The issue of mental disorders is quite rampant and scary because only few men and women have the ability to acknowledge they have an issue and can take time to find medical assistance. Several have tried to determine the factors for mental illnesses. Mental illness was regarded as a curse or simply bad upbringing. People today become discriminated against in everyday life like the workplace. They think that you can control whether or not you get a mental illness and it is entirely your fault if you do because you could have become stronger. Students ought to be taught how to identify when they could be experiencing a mental illness, where to find help, and the way to improve their mental wellness. The Little-Known Secrets to Persuasive Essay Topics on Mental Illness The cost of an essay is dependent upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. You cannot create an argument if you don't take a stance and just add details about the given subject. Remember which you should avoid any kind of opinion or bias when you compose a research paper. Therefore, public's perceptions aren't entirely out of line with objectiveassessments of danger.

The Walt Disney Company Is Roughly A $50 Billion Dollar

The Walt Disney Company is roughly a $50 billion dollar corporation. Since 1923, they have branded their business into media networks, parks, resorts, studio entertainment, and consumer products. Disney’s founder, Walter Elias Disney hoped to have a, â€Å"Place that’s as clean as anything could ever be, and all the people in it are first-class citizens, and treated like guests† (Walt Disney World Webpage). Disney strives to keep his legacy alive by maintaining his original aspirations for the company, as well as creating stories, memories, and experiences everyday. The study of organizational culture involves interpreting the meaning of different symbols and artifacts. The Walt Disney Company is well known for their organizational culture, as†¦show more content†¦When applying to a job, it is common to find a business that your own beliefs and values align with. In the case of the Walt Disney Company, it is the second largest media conglomerate in the w orld, making them a prestigious company to work for. Within their website and social media accounts, they make their company goals, objectives and aspirations easily found. By keeping these practices, principles and policies transparent to the world, it helps maintain their reputation of a trustworthy corporation. This is good insight for someone who might be interested in working for them one day, as they do not want to appear to be sneaky or vague with their policies and reports. As they broadcast their ideas, beliefs, and values regularly in their media accounts, it is easy to see how their employees all represent similar values. The Walt Disney Company lives by the words of making magic. Although unfortunately they do not mean magic in a literal sense, the company strives to create once in a lifetime experiences. They use the idea of ‘creating magic’ to broadcast their commitment to exceptional customer service company wide. The concept of keeping close and positive relations to the customer ties into Thomas Peter and Robert Waterman s book, In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America’s Best-Run Corporations. Their research states how, â€Å"One of the basics of excellence is to remember thatShow MoreRelatedDisney s Role As A Monopoly1578 Words   |  7 Pages Disney is always being bashed about how they portray girls as being beautiful and skinny or how the portray ethnic groups in their movies. Disney also is haggled about being a monopoly and taking over other companies to be the only ones. Disney has been around since 1923, which Walt Disney and his brother started making short films about Mickey Mouse. They began to grow rapidly and eventually became the powerhouse they are today. 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Principles and Practice of Adult Health Nursing

Question: Discuss about the Principles and Practice of Adult Health Nursing. Answer: Introduction: In this paper, the focus will be on Mrs. Amari an old lady with the problem of slurring speech and whose face was dropping on one side. Interpret Mrs. Amari, who is a 59 year old lady currently suffers from hypertension, as well as hypercholesterolemia and is brought to the hospital. Mrs. Amari is a New Zealand Maori lady born in Auckland, New Zealand but later came to Australia to work on a construction site for her family in her teens. Additionally, Mrs. Amari is married to an Australian man, Peter, 26 years who together they have two daughters living in a different state. The lady also has a history of tobacco consumption which went on for 25 years, but she quit 10 years ago. Her husband however still consumes it, and her family has tested positive for heart disease. The patient is also known to take walks once in a while with the neighbors, although she does not have a regular exercise routine. Patient Situation On diagnosing Mrs. Amaris vital signs, the doctors find that her temperature is 36.7Oc which is within the normal range for adults of 35.8OC-37.5Oc. Her blood pressure, on the other hand was at 148/97, the pulse was 81, and she had a respiratory rate of 14, spO2 at 94%, Glasgow coma scale of 15 and the blood glucose was at a level of 6.6mmol. Whereas most of her measurements were within the normal range, her blood pressure exceeded the normal range of below 120/80 mm Hg (Geyer, Gomez, 2009). This could have resulted from lack of exercise, as well as smoking. Other symptoms experienced by Mrs. Amari include numbness which is felt on right area of her face which runs down to the right arm. When she smiles, her mouth diverts to the right side, and she also has a facial droop. She is, however, in a position to move all the extremities, follows the commands, and also has a clear speech. Her pupils are also reactive to light. She is, however, not experiencing weakness, and is also in a position to swallow without difficulties. Her right hand is, however, weaker than the left. According to these symptoms, one can conclude that she is suffering from Transient ischemic attack (TIA). This is according to the symptoms of a patient suffering from TIA which include: "Weakness, numbness, paralysis of the arm, leg, face, or any one side of the body" (Gosney, Harper, Conroy, 2012). They also include a "slurred speech, blindness or double vision, as well as dizziness or loss of balance" (Johnson, Griffin, McArthur, 2006). One can however conclude that a patient is suffering from TIA after the symptoms persist for 24 hours. After 24 hours, Mrs. Amari went through some tests, and her temperature was at 36.8O C, her blood pressure was 175/98, a pulse of 90, respiratory rate of 13, spO2 at 92%, and a blood glucose level of 6.6mmol. Her speech was also slurred, and her mouth had dropped Collect Cues/ Information The complaints which Mrs. Amari had on reporting to the hospital which include slurring speech and face dropping could be related to the disease in question. This is because the concern raised by the doctor of suffering from TIA could actually be correct. The contributing factors are all listed, and the condition remains relevant even after 24 hours (Johnson, Griffin, McArthur, 2006). Where the patient suffers from these symptoms for over 24 hours, the disease is identified as TIA. As such, Mrs. Amaris condition. She is also at a higher risk because she is already suffering from hypertension, as well as hypercholesterolemia which worsen the condition. Hypertension has been established as the most significant modifiable risk for TIA, as well as stroke (Becker, Spencer, 2010). The possibility of TIA, therefore, is heightened in a case where the patient had suffered from hypertension, as well as hypercholesterolemia. It is, however, important to seek further information in order to de termine whether Mrs. Amari was really suffering from TIA. Process Information There are some points which are considered as risk factors for TIA. Mrs. Amari, for instance possesses some of these factors. They include family history, which is positive for heart diseases. One is at a higher risk of catching the disease where their family has had TIA or a stroke (Beare, Myers, 2000). Mrs. Amaris age is also another risk factor, as the disease is prevalent on people who are above the age of 55. It is also identified that she used to smoke for 25 years, and only quit ten years ago. This is one of the major causes of TIA. Further, her husband still smokes, and this could affect her since the two live together. The patient is also not involved in exercise, and only takes some walks once in a while. All these factors could contribute to the disease, and they all point to the possibility of Mrs. Amari suffering from TIA. Some of these factors, therefore, are indications of the risk of Mrs. Amari of suffering from stroke. To avoid the occurrence of stroke in the future , she has to consider engaging in activities that reduce these risks (Singh, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 2014). These activities include establishing a routine where she will engage in active exercise. Additionally, she should advise her husband to quit smoking, so as to avoid inhaling the tobacco. Further, she should seek the attention of a doctor regularly so as to have checkups that are aimed at ensuring her health is okay. TIA should be taken as a warning sign that one is at a risk of suffering from stroke, and should be treated with urgency. Further investigations on the health history of the patient, as well as other factors are important to establish the level of the condition. Additionally, it is important to note the condition of the patient for some time so as to be sure of the presence of this disease. It is also vital for the doctor to find the fundamental cause of the disease, so as to avoid future occurrence of the illness (Stroke foundation, 2016). This is also important in ensuring that he patient does not suffer from stroke. In Mrs. Amaris case, for instance, the risk of stroke occurrence is high. This is due to the presence of the risk factors which include lack of exercise and tobacco smoking in earlier years. As such, the doctors should not only treat all the symptoms thoroughly, but also advice her on the risk factors and how to change them in the future. There are, however, some facto rs which are beyond her control. These include age, the family history, as well as the fact that she suffers from hypertension and hypercholesterolemia Beard, Loftus, Gaines, 2014). A bruit is a sound heard over an artery which is abnormal, and may indicate turbulent blood flow. This may be a concern for a doctor because it may be an indication for blockage of the artery. Infer Mrs. Amaris symptoms clearly indicate that she is suffering from TIA. The symptoms, which include numbness, slurred speech, dizziness, as well as weakness of the hand, show the presence of the illness. This is also confirmed by other risk factors. Other than all the symptoms indicating that she is suffering from the disease, the risk factors confirm the fears. These factors are the causes for the high blood pressure which is by far higher than the normal adult temperatures. The factors include smoking, lack of exercise, as well as the family health history. Additionally, she is suffering from hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. These diseases, therefore, worsen her heart condition, leading to the occurrence of the disease. Bibliography Becker, R. C., Spencer, F. A. (2010). Antithrombotic therapy in the prevention of ischemic stroke.https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truescope=sitedb=nlebkdb=nl abkAN=669957. Beare, P. G., Myers, J. L. (2000). Principles and practice of adult health nursing. St. Louis: Mosby. Beard, J. D., Loftus, I., Gaines, P. A. (2014). Vascular and endovascular surgery. Edinburgh: Saunders Elsevier. Gosney, M., Harper, A., Conroy, S. (2012). Oxford desk reference. Geyer, J. D., Gomez, C. R. (2009). Stroke: A practical approach. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Johnson, R. T., Griffin, J. W., McArthur, J. C. (2006). Current therapy in neurologic disease. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Mosby Singh, A. Loscalzo, J., Brigham and Women's Hospital,. (2014). The Brigham intensive review of internal medicine. Stroke foundation. (2016). Types of Stroke. Retrieved from: https://strokefoundation.com.au/About-Stroke/Types-of-stroke

Outline and evaluate two or more therapies used in the treatment of Schizophrenia Essay Example

Outline and evaluate two or more therapies used in the treatment of Schizophrenia Essay Outline and evaluate two or more therapies used in the treatment of Schizophrenia (24 marks) There is no established permanent cure for Schizophrenia, but there are a variety of therapies which help prevent schizophrenic episodes and also help sufferers deal with their mental illness. One of the main types of therapy used is drug therapy. Drug therapy involves issuing a patient psychotherapeutic drug(s) which are used to alter the chemical functioning of the brain by affecting the action of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters transmit signals between nerve cells called synapses. Neurotransmitters lead to changes in moods, feelings, perception and behaviour. The main category of drugs used for treating Schizophrenia is anti- psychotic drugs or neuroleptics. These lessen psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations, examples of these drugs could be chlorpromazine or clozapine. Typical antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) work by reducing dopamine within schizophrenia sufferers. Common forms of neuroleptics include drugs such as Thorazine, Prolixin and Haldol. These drugs actually block the activity of the dopamine neurotransmitter, the drugs take effect within 48 hours but it can be everal weeks before a noticeable difference is seen with symptom reduction. Barondess (1993) research looked into balancing the dosage of the drug, lowering the drug dosage reduced the side effects but also reduced the effectiveness of the drug meaning it wouldnt necessarily be a successful or quick recovery compared to high dosages of the neuroleptics. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline and evaluate two or more therapies used in the treatment of Schizophrenia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Outline and evaluate two or more therapies used in the treatment of Schizophrenia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Outline and evaluate two or more therapies used in the treatment of Schizophrenia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although this showed clear evidence for the effectiveness of neuroleptics in combating schizophrenia, emphasized when changing the dosage changes the effectiveness of the neuroleptics. Comers (2001) esearch study looked into the effectiveness of the drugs, and found that for the majority of schizophrenia sufferers the drugs were effective and are the most successful treatment as they are more effective as a single treatment opposed to other therapies available. Researches conducted about neuroleptics shows neuroleptics are effective in reducing the symptoms of schizophrenia especially positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. Although relapse rates appear to be high and fast from coming off the drugs, meaning that essentially the patients will need to permanently ake these drugs. Neuroleptics are well known for their large set of side effects that are damaging to patients health and wellbeing, reports of sedation, grogginess, blurred vision and impaired concentration. Approximately 2% of all patients who are using neuroleptics develop neuroleptic malignant syndrome which involves the patient gaining muscle rigidity, altered consciousness and fevers which can be fatal. Another serious side effect that is a negative to neuroleptics is that around 20% or more patients who have been regularly taking the drugs for over 1 year end up imb movements and writhing of the mouth or face and even if the patient comes off the drugs these effects can be lifelong. Although Birchwood and Jacksons (2001) provided contradictory evidence as their study concluded that there was no evidence that the use of neuroleptics were effective within treating the negative symptoms. Newer drug therapy for Schizophrenia is using atypical antipsychotics such as Clozaril and Zyprexa. These drugs work in the same way as typical antipsychotics by blocking/lessening the effects of the dopamine neurotransmitter but they also alter serotonin activity. Meltzer (1999) found in his study that roughly 33% of patients whoVe had no success when using neuroleptics responded much better with the atypical drug clozapine. Awad and Vruganti (1999) also backed the atypical drugs success rates when their study showed that 85% of patients suffering with schizophrenia benefitted from being on atypical drugs compared to the 65% rate given to those using neuroleptics. As Birchwood and Jackson found that neuroleptics had no effect within treat the negative symptoms of schizophrenia Remmington and Kapur found in 2000 that atypical drugs treat the negative symptoms of chizophrenia making atypical a preferred choice in medication. Atypical drugs are favourably the better choice for when using drug therapy to treat schizophrenia as it is more effective for symptoms and also has a higher rate of success within patients. The side effects of atypical drugs are also fewer compared to those of neuroleptics. There is one serious side effect of atypical drugs which is agranulocytosis, the risk of developing this is 1-2% and involves reduction in white blood cells within the patient which can be life threatening although olanzapine a type of atypical doesnt cause his side effect. Drug therapy in total is the most effective than any other therapy that is used within the treatment of schizophrenia and the speed of therapy with drugs is much more rapid than that of psychological therapies. Although drug therapy only treats the symptoms of schizophrenia, and doesnt manage to address the underlying reasons that are responsible for causing the illness within sufferers which means that patients will have to stay on the drugs to keep the symptoms suppressed and by coming off them most of the symptoms that the drugs are removing return relatively fast. Another issue with drug therapy for treating schizophrenia is that its not 100% effective and therefore is not working for every patient. Atypical drugs as mentioned earlier by Awad and Vruganti are 85% effective and neuroleptics even less which means that theres a minimum of of schizophrenia sufferers who drug therapy has no benefit towards creating individual differences. Also neuroleptics have no effect towards treating negative symptoms within patients so there are nowhere near as effective as using atypical drug therapy. herapy when treating schizophrenia, and helps the dopamine system because there s an imbalance in schizophrenic sufferers although this isnt necessarily the root cause. One issue with drug therapy within schizophrenics is compliance because it can be difficult to confuse someone who is deluded and not in a correct state of mind to take the drugs which reduces its appropriateness and effectiveness. Drug therapy is also a reductionist form of treatment towards schizophrenia sufferers as it focuses on biological factors contributing towards the illness and ignores the psychological approach. Another form of therapy within schizophrenia is ECT (electroconvulsive therapy), this orm of therapy was found when observing that epileptics dont develop schizophrenia, resulting in the conclusion that the two disorders could not both be had by an individual at the same time. This led to the theory that inducing seizures like those that epileptics endure could help treat schizophrenia patients. Initially this therapy was done using drugs but then it changed to electric shocks as it was found they could produce seizures and that ECT has better outcomes than using drugs such as cardiazol. An electric current is passed through the patients head which in turn causes brain eizures. Originally it could result in broken bones as the entire body of the patient would be in seizure. Modern ECT uses muscle relaxants to minimise the convulsions the patient has and a use of anaesthetics allows the patient to sleep during the treatment and so therefore has no anxiety. Chanpattana (2007) found that the effects of ECT caused a reduction in positive schizophrenia symptoms and also improves social life and functioning. However ECT actually had no effect or worsened negative symptoms of the illness. Tharyan and Adams (2005) found that the effects of ECT was eneficial short term similar to those of drug therapy however the beneficial effects were smaller than drug therapy, and it was unclear whether or not any long term improvements came from the use of ECT. ECT has moderate effectiveness; it can improve symptoms rapidly for schizophrenia sufferers but those improvements only seem to be short term and long term improvement doesnt occur generally. ECTs actual effectiveness towards the symptoms is also limited because on its own it doesnt offer the same amount of success as drugs. ECT is also less effective for negative symptoms and only effective n treating positive symptoms within sufferers, for example it doesnt help towards reducing lack of motivation, emotion and social withdrawal. Also this therapy similarly to drugs only really treats the symptoms and not what actually causes schizophrenia making it a palliative treatment. The treatment itself is quite consistent with how the biological outlook on schizophrenia works, as it appears the majority of symptoms caused by schizophrenia come from dysfunctions of the brain and therefore treatment that directly affects the brain that alters how it functions is rather appropriate in terms of ECT has side effects such as memory loss, neurological damage and cognitive impairments. This can be an issue that some patients do not want to deal with making it hard to treat a patient if drug therapy is ineffective. However most of the side effects are only short term whereas drug therapy especially with typical (neuroleptics) has some serious long lasting side effects that are damaging to the human body. Its also a reductionist form of therapy as it only focuses on one factor similar to drug therapy with is the biological factors clearly ignoring the psychological approach to treatment. Some people would say that because schizophrenia isnt exact science and as we dont know the true root cause of the illness then this treatment may not be appropriate for sufferers as the side effects as previously mentioned can be a lot to deal with when we arent even certain the treatment is actually treating the symptoms properly. ECT also has ethical issues as ECT is quite an extreme form of therapy when people undergo the treatment there are issues with whether or not the patient truly wants to undergo the therapy and that they might have been pressured into ECT.

The Inadequate Native American Judiciary System and The Environmental Effects of Poorly Operated Tribal Courts

The Inadequate Native American Judiciary System and The Environmental Effects of Poorly Operated Tribal Courts Free Online Research Papers The Inadequate Native American Judiciary System and The Environmental Effects of Poorly Operated Tribal Courts In the past thirty years, there has been a major continent-wide push for increased environmental protection. Most of this push is largely attributed to laws and measures passed in the government to correct these environmental problems, such as unclean air, acid rain, deforestation, pollution, and the greenhouse effect. The Native Americans are trying to combat these problems as much or more than anyone in this country. However, as these problems must be addressed through proper legislative channels, unfortunately, the inadequate funding allotted to Native American tribal courts, by deteriorating their effectiveness and efficiency, constitutes not only serious environmental damage, but it also sets a grave tone for increasing cultural abuse. Initially, of course, the Native Americans had sovereignty over their judicial system. This was proven by the Ex parte Crow Dog ruling, where an Indian man named Crow Dog killed an adversary named Spotted Tail at a tribal council meeting in 1881. Originally tried and sentenced to death for murder, Crow Dog was released by Ex parte, which stated that U.S. courts had no jurisdiction over Indian affairs on reservation land (Hagan 92). Outrage over Crow Dog lead to the passing of the Major Crimes Act of 1885, which gave Federal Courts jurisdiction over seven major crimes committed by Native Americans, which has today increased to fourteen crimes (Hagan 98). There is no local jurisdiction of any of the crimes granted by the act. Empirically, the act has been shown to punish crimes committed by Indians and pass legislation according to Anglo-American laws and values rather than traditional Indian customs. It would seem, however, if the bill or case was not defined by federal law, that it would fall back to the Indian court system, but the Major Crimes Act provides that if it is not so defined, it will fall into state jurisdiction. Here, it is seen that the act moderately denies Native Americans control over their own tribal judicial system (Polashuk 1204). Although Congress provides for federal jurisdiction over many of these tribal judicial cases, because of a backlog of crimes committed off the reservation by non-Indians or legislation dealing with non-Indian environmental issues – often reaching back several years – they are considered a low priority. Testimony at congressional hearings has even revealed that such federal jurisdiction of Native American judicial activity has been wholly inadequate (Meisner 181). Because American culture is ignorant of Indian cultural values and social norms, legislature and jurisdiction through federal channels are most often completely inappropriate. (Polashuk 1210). Congress has concluded that Indian tribes, proposed then as sovereign governments, must have a vital interest in decisions which have to do with their environment. The U.S. has a direct interest in promoting environmental legislation to further its cause- it is a critical link to the tribes’ existence (Polashuk 1221). There is always an inherent problem in considering any government for increased sovereignty who is part of a distinct group. Not only are the people of American Indian tribes of a different race than the rest of society, they have completely different lifestyles and places of residence than of the American norms. This often causes both racial tension and cultural clash- there are some areas of the West where this tension has risen to â€Å"extreme levels.† (Polashuk 1213). So, how to provide a Native American with a fair trial? How to pass a resolution on a reservation that will properly deal with the environmental problems there? The answer lies in the tribal courts, who possess the traditional knowledge to properly discipline their members and pass and judge environmental bills. The primary reason that the tribal court system is not currently used is that it cannot fully carry out its services. This, however, is a problem of lack of funding- not any inherent functional flaw within the system (Burch 977). Lack of funding is a problem for the Native American judiciary system- this absence of resources undermines the whole tribal government. Without proper funds, the tribal court systems cannot attain the competent personnel to properly staff a standard legal system. Tribal governments as a whole are similar to the American three-branch system. Without the judiciary system working, legislative and executive attempts to perform proper initiatives dealing with environmental protection always fall short because of this judicial defect (Vicenti 140). A large tide of American culture is sweeping across the Indian reservations, replacing traditional tribal customs with non-Indian values and methods. Along with environmental protection methods, Indian tribal culture itself is in a crisis. To fight this, almost every reservation now has educated Indian people who struggle to stop the invasion. These experts almost unanimously agree that among the primary steps in this cultural and environmental fight is restoring a traditional tribal justice system (Vicenti 135). It is not at all improbable that the worst abuse of indigenous peoples worldwide has taken place in the United States of America. The U.S. has, for more than a century, aggressively pursued policies of cultural assimilation and degradation. Additionally, the United States has just as long held a haughty cultural arrogance regarding Native Americans, which essentially denies the Indians the recognition to begin healing themselves. Something as serious as even moderately denying American Indians jurisdiction over their tribes most definitely results in cultural abuse (Barsh Interview). Cultural abuse in this form, by disallowing the proper function of the tribal judicial branches, considerably hampers further environmental protection. Not only do Indian cultures have the right to exist and prosper in the U.S., they also have a great amount of values and wisdom to share with the other peoples and cultures of the Earth (Suagee 696). Thus, American Indian tribal culture needs to be preserved. There is, of course, an inherent value of culture itself, but Native American wisdom is extremely important and valuable. In fact, each different tribe has its own reservoir of ancestral wisdom, springing from the knowledge and experience of generations upon generations of ancestors. Not only does this loss of Native American wisdom result from the loss of tribal judicial control, it constitutes the loss of knowledge of proper environmental care, evidenced by the condition of the environment when Columbus arrived in the New World. However, this priceless wisdom and knowledge can easily be lost- it is only by keeping the tribal traditions alive through the use of traditional tribal judicial courts will we and future generations be blessed with this wisdom (Suagee 708). In addition to giving jurisdiction to the tribal courts, the Federal Government must recognize them as legitimate judiciary units. The United States officially supports tribal sovereignty- the tribal court systems are, essentially, the backbone of that sovereignty. In order to further advance their official position, the U.S. Government must recognize the legitimacy of these tribal courts. Likewise, this recognition, which will allow further measures relating to the environment to be introduced and pursued, will lead to both an increased survival of the tribal culture and greater environmental improvement (Polashuk 1231). Only one major obstacle stands in the way of altering the American Indian judicial policy- the Major Crimes Act (Polashuk 1204). Although the benefits of increasing the sovereignty of the Indian judicial system- from an environmental standpoint- are clearly shown by the evidence, a majority of the non-Indian population- especially those living in areas near reservations- who do not understand the positive impacts and advantages of traditional Indian judicial action will most definitely oppose any alteration of federal policy towards tribal courts. The Major Crimes Act was created by people such as these and will be inherently difficult to repeal or amend, as it has been in place for over a century (Hagan 99). However, though any opposing legislation may be difficult to overcome, the benefits of this change are well worth the effort. First and foremost, the proposal will allow the legislative and executive branch to work more effectively and efficiently with the judicial branch to pass positive environmental resolutions. It also halts the cultural abuse given to American Indians by industrialized people and the U.S. Government, and allows the wisdom and knowledge of countless generations of Indian ancestors to be preserved. Furthermore, this beneficent treatment of our indigenous peoples will serve as a model for the treatment of indigenous peoples world-wide, preserving a incalculable amount of information for future generations on a global scale (Suagee 712). Barsh, Russel (professor of Native American Studies). Personal Interview. 3 March 1997. Burch, Jordan (Clerk for Edward Rafeedie, Central District of California, Los Angeles). Ohio Northern University Law Review, Vol 20. p. 977. 1994. Hagan. Indian Police and Judges, op. cit., p. 89-145. Meisner, Kevin (Case Western Reserve University). American Indian Law Review, Vol 2. p. 181-182. 17 December 1992. Polashuk, Stacie. Southern California Law Review. Vol 69. p. 1191-1232. 1996. Suagee, Dean. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform. Vol 23. p. 671-715. Spring and Summer 1992. Vicenti, Carey (chief judge of Jicarilla Apache Tribe). Judicature. p.135-141. Nov-Dec, 1995. 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